Wednesday 17 October 2012

Why should the state monitor home education if they don’t check on children’s nutrition in the same way?



The new Welsh attempt to regulate home education has caused the reappearance of an old and feeble argument by home educators. Why, they say, should the state be entitled to check the educational provision of children at home and not enquire into other, equally important, things such as diet and nutrition? It is an absurd gambit, so foolish in fact that most education professionals simply ignore it. This is a mistake, because it gives the wilder kind of home educating parent the opportunity to claim that the argument must be unassailable; look, they say, those professionals have not responded and so must be lost for an answer!


Mammals feed their young. Except in very rare cases, it may be assumed that the mammals of our own species will do the same, without the need for any compulsion. This has been the case since humans emerged as a species. The same is not true of academic education, which has only been around for a few thousand years. For a good deal of that time, especially in recent centuries; formal education has been the province of professionals, to whom parents entrust their children. Because of this, there is no reason at all to suppose that parents will undertake this function, even if they have withdrawn their children from school. It makes sense to see if they are in fact doing so.

The effects of poor childhood nutrition in this country are seldom severe or life-threatening. We have no kwashiorkor or beri-beri. The worst one might expect are things like rickets. As far as childhood education is concerned, on the other hand,  the effects of a deficit can be severe, long lasting and even life-threatening. A lack of qualifications can lead to things such as depression, unemployment and even suicide. We often see the supposed sixteen suicides a year which are caused by bullying cited by home educators, but they do not seem to have noticed the hundreds of extra suicides caused by the recession. These are linked to unemployment and there is a strong association between unemployment and lack of academic qualifications.

The ill effects resulting from inadequate childhood nutrition are essentially a private matter which affects only the individual. Of course, some medical problems in adulthood might cost the NHS something, but in general the individual is the one who suffers from this sort of thing. This is not at all the case with inadequate education, which is a public matter. This is because the illiterate, those with no GCSEs and so on, make up a very large proportion of people in prison, psychiatric hospitals and are wholly reliant on state benefits for much of their life. This means that those who are poorly educated often end up a burden on society as a whole. This is not often the case with those who were not fed a perfectly balanced diet in childhood.

To sum up:



There is an assumption, based upon strong evidence, that mammals, including humans will feed their young. There is no reason to suppose that this is also the case with academic education.



The ill effects of poor childhood nutrition tend to be mild; those of inadequate education, by contrast, are frequently severe and even life-threatening.



One is a private matter and the other a matter of public concern which causes great problems for society as a whole.



98 comments:

  1. http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2012/10/should-you-be-prosecuted-for-feeding-junk-food-to-your-child/

    'Fast food permanently reduces children’s IQ, a recent and unsurprising study reports.

    What should be done? The answer is ethically and legally simple. Parents who feed their children junk food, knowing of the attendant risks, are child-abusers, and should be prosecuted. If you hit a child, bruising it, you are guilty of a criminal offence. A bruise on a child’s leg is of far less lasting significance than the brain damage produced by requiring a child to ingest toxic junk. A child injured by a negligent or malicious parent can also bring civil proceedings against the parent.'

    ReplyDelete
  2. http://www.gold.ac.uk/news/pressrelease/?releaseID=963

    'Research by Dr Sophie von Stumm, from the Department of Psychology, concluded that childhood nutrition has longstanding effects on IQ, even after previous intelligence and socio-economic status (SES) are taken into account.'

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. From Goldsmiths, the Univerity of London.

      Delete
  3. http://www.fph.org.uk/uploads/bs_food_poverty.pdf

    'In the UK, the poorer people are, the worse their diet, and the more
    diet-related diseases they suffer from. This is food poverty.1 Poor diet
    is a risk factor for the UK’s major killers of cancer, coronary heart
    disease (CHD) and diabetes. Yet it is only in the past few years that the
    immense contribution it makes to poor health has been quantified:
    poor diet is related to 30% of life years lost in early death and
    disability.'

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. That's the Royal Colleges of Physicans' Faculty of Public Health, not known for their 'absurdities'.

      Delete
  4. http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/1580730/reload=0;jsessionid=8o7C1eDZPiGE6CpKzKiS.0

    'Using immunological methods (Ouchterlony test) we were able to demonstrate the child was fed with contraindicated food although the doctors had pointed out that the child needs a special diet. The parents were sentenced at court in two instances for manslaughter.'

    ReplyDelete
  5. http://www.mrc.ac.uk/Achievementsimpact/Storiesofimpact/Obesity/index.htm

    'obesity in children continues to grow at an alarming rate – current obesity trends suggest that one fifth of UK children will be overweight or obese by 2010. Obesity is responsible for 9,000 premature deaths each year in England, and reduces life expectancy by an average of nine years.'

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. That's the Medical Research Council.

      Delete
  6. The above all tend to suggest that as I said, inadequate childhood nutrition affects the individual, rather than society as a whole. Some of these links have been peculiarly ill chosen! This one, for instance, given above:

    http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2012/10/should-you-be-prosecuted-for-feeding-junk-food-to-your-child/




    This is a tongue in cheek philosophical argument by an Oxford academic that logically, parents who feed their kids on McDonalds should be prosecuted! The key to understanding that this is not meant to be taken literally may be found in the last line, which says:

    'In short, the burger and fries might be a matter for the police'

    Readers might care to look at the other links for similar absurdities. Whoever is posting all these is clearly not reading them first.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Yes, the 'practical ethics' in the title was the clue to that. I thought readers might enjoy the debate potential.

      How you imagine that the reduction of IQ which results from inadequate nutrition in childhood is not a problem for society is a bit odd.

      We have not even begun to look at the costs to the country as a whole for the long term health effects of obesity and other inadequate nutrition.

      Delete
    2. Simon wrote,
      "The above all tend to suggest that as I said, inadequate childhood nutrition affects the individual, rather than society as a whole."

      How can you possibly say this when the costs for treating type 2 diabetes alone costs taxpayers £9.8 billion a year and may bankrupt the NHS in 20 years due to increasing levels of obesity. More and more children are being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in the UK. The costs are the result of treating life limiting and life threatening complications that will have far greater effects on suffers and the general population than a poor education.

      Delete
    3. Diabetes cost the UK approximately £23.7 billion if indirect costs are included with direct costs. Deaths from diabetes in 2010/11 resulted in over 325,000 lost working years. Diabetes currently accounts for approximately 10% of the total NHS budget, but this is projected to rise to around 17% by 2035/36.

      Delete
  7. Simon wrote,
    “Why, they say, should the state be entitled to check the educational provision of children at home and not enquire into other, equally important, things such as diet and nutrition?

    ….Mammals feed their young. Except in very rare cases, it may be assumed that the mammals of our own species will do the same, without the need for any compulsion.”

    You are forgetting the most important component that is usually included alongside diet – neglect and abuse. Also, we are compulsorily required to provide adequate food. How rare do you think neglect (which includes failure to provide adequate food) is? According to child protection statistics, 5 percent of children under 11, 13.3 percent of 11–17 year olds and 16 percent of 18–24 year olds had been neglected at some point in their childhoods. ‘Neglect, like other forms of abuse, can cause lasting impacts on children and young people which without proper support and protective factors, can lead to long-term consequences. Persistent neglect can lead to serious health and development difficulties and delays, and long-term problems with social functioning, relationships and educational delay. In extreme cases, neglect can also result in death.’ Unlike education, which can be remedied at virtually any age, but families are not routinely monitored for signs of neglect.

    “The same is not true of academic education, which has only been around for a few thousand years.”

    Do we have to provide an academic education? I thought we had to prepare them for life in the society in which they grow up without restricting access to other society groups, something parents have been doing since time began, just as they have fed and clothed their children. Preparation for life in our society obviously includes reading, writing, maths, and a certain level of general knowledge, but this would not necessarily be described as academic.

    Simon wrote,
    “This is because the illiterate, those with no GCSEs and so on, make up a very large proportion of people in prison, psychiatric hospitals and are wholly reliant on state benefits for much of their life. “

    This presupposes that the one causes the other. Do you have any evidence to support this assertion?

    ReplyDelete
  8. http://justice.uaa.alaska.edu/forum/24/2summer2007/b_literacyinmates.html

    This study found that the prison population of some races had higher literacy levels than the outside population.

    ReplyDelete
  9. 'Preparation for life in our society obviously includes reading, writing, maths, and a certain level of general knowledge, but this would not necessarily be described as academic.'

    Well, yes it would necessarily be described as academic education; in contrast to technical or practical education. Systematic instruction in reading, writing and mathematics, which is what we usually mean by the expression 'academic education' has, as I said, only been around for a few thousand years.


    'Simon wrote,
    “This is because the illiterate, those with no GCSEs and so on, make up a very large proportion of people in prison, psychiatric hospitals and are wholly reliant on state benefits for much of their life. “

    This presupposes that the one causes the other. Do you have any evidence to support this assertion? '

    It presupposes nothing of the sort. There is a strong association, but this may not be a direct cause and effect. A common factor might very well be responsible both for the parental attitude to education and also the child's lifestyle as an adult.




    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. An academic education usually refers to liberal or classical education rather than technical or vocational and often to higher education. A technical or vocational education does not rule out a child learning reading, writing and mathematics, with or withou systematic instruction. I suspect few if any technical or vocational educations do not include the basics. Are you suggesting that a technical education, as provided by some colleges to school age children, should not count as a suitable education?

      Simon wrote,
      "There is a strong association, but this may not be a direct cause and effect."

      Apparently not.

      Delete
  10. "In the UK, the Prison Reading Survey (Rice, Howes and Connell, 1998) found little support for the belief that prisoners are less literate than their counterparts in the general population. The percentages of people with adequate reading comprehension ability in the prison population either match or exceed those in the general population. Below the level of adequacy, the greater number of prisoners with little or no ability to
    comprehend the simplest texts corresponds to the social class composition of the prison population. Between 5% and 10% could be placed at the lowest level and a further 35% at an intermediate level of competence. Between 30% and 60% can cope efficiently with everyday reading tasks."

    ReplyDelete
  11. 'This study found that the prison population of some races had higher literacy levels than the outside population'

    Why yes; many prisoners, esecially young people, actually learn to read in prison and leave more literate than when they entered custody. This is not the kind of tuition however which most of us would wish for our children!

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Evidence? Some of the studies I've seen include tests taken at prison entry.

      Delete
  12. The Literacy Trust, Literacy Changes Lives
    The role of literacy in offending behaviour.

    "So, there is no conclusive evidence on whether prisoners do or do not have literacy skills that are worse than those of the general population."

    http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/assets/0000/0422/Literacy_changes_lives__prisons.pdf

    ReplyDelete
  13. 'Of course, some medical problems in adulthood might cost the NHS something, but in general the individual is the one who suffers from this sort of thing.'

    Absurd.

    http://www.dh.gov.uk/health/category/policy-areas/public-health/obesity-healthy-living/

    Costs of obseity alone to the NHS in ONE year
    5.1 B i l l i o n pounds.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. That figure obviously doesn't include the £9.8 billion used to treat diabetes which is directly related to obesity (well, it's related to type 2 diabetes and this is the most prevalent form).

      Delete
  14. The people calling for monitoring and regulation have low intelligence and/or a propensity to lie. Why should their opinion carry any weight?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Only someone with low intelligence would claim that the opinions of those with low intelligence shouldn't "carry any weight"

      Delete
  15. The Remote Diagnoser is back. Is it half term already?

    ReplyDelete
  16. The problem with trading links to articles and papers supporting or opposing some viewpoint is that there is no end to such things. Many of them contradict each other and so it becomes a little tricky to know what to believe. Take for example the idea that British prisoners are no more likely to be illiterate than anybody else, which somebody suggests above. Here is a piece which says exactly the opposite:

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/may/03/illiteracy-innumeracy-prisons

    Of course, I could easily find another article which says the opposite to this one. The same goes for all the links posted above relating to diet as well.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. This doesn't contradict the previously quoted research.

      Delete
    2. Simon wrote,
      “Many of them contradict each other and so it becomes a little tricky to know what to believe. Take for example the idea that British prisoners are no more likely to be illiterate than anybody else, which somebody suggests above. Here is a piece which says exactly the opposite:”

      But it doesn’t. The newspaper article you quote compares the prison population to the general population and this will show differences in literacy rates. But if you compare the prison population to a non-prison population with similar social disadvantages, the difference disappears. So effectively, you need to monitor all families for the social disadvantages that result in both poor education levels in both populations and criminal behaviour in some. This is described fully in the paper, Literacy and Behaviour: The Prison Reading Survey, by Michael Edward Rice, Darwin College and Institute of Criminology (2000).


      Delete
    3. "The same goes for all the links posted above relating to diet as well."

      What, you really think you can find research to prove that type 2 diabetes is not causally related to obesity and that it costs the NHS a fortune? I'd really like to see you do that!

      Delete
    4. * and that it *does not* cost the NHS a fortune

      Delete
  17. "...One is a private matter and the other a matter of public concern which causes great problems for society as a whole. "

    This is perverse.

    The nutrition of the population has a broad and long term impact that ultimately costs a great deal. Similarly, the fallings standards in the education of the population in schools has a significant impact on long term prosperity of our society. Yet Simon's primary concern is for about 0.5% of the population who may have been home educated, and the burden that he believes they will place on society.

    Given the magnitude of Simon's concern, I suppose we can see that he has a fairly dim view of the HE population. Let's try to quantify this. He believes that problems arising from HE may outweigh issues from things like personal nutrition and failing school education. If we take an optimistic view of these (in favour of Simon), these might have an impact of about £10 billion/year (very optimistic, in my view, but we'll give the benefit of the doubt to Simon).

    With a cost per prisoner of about £41,000 per year [1], HE will have to add about 250,000 to prisoner numbers to match those issues.

    Assuming that the current 0.5% of children in HE is a steady state, there would be about 300,000 adults in the population who have been in HE, although we know the overall percentage could be higher by, perhaps, 2.5x.

    Nevertheless, with generous assumptions in favour of Simon (i.e. that would lower the number required to be in prison), we still have to have a very significant proportion of the HE population - 30-80% - ending-up in the worst possible situation. We could be more generous to him by including lost GDP of about £25K per capita [2]. Then we'd only need about 20-50% of the HE population to end-up as total lifers in order to match those £10 bilion pound issues, although this percentage would have to increase dramatically for more realistic prison terms.

    Of course, Occam's razor would lead us to an alternative conclusion, namely that Simon has absolutely no sense of perspective, and his opinions - which he has every right to hold - are utterly worthless.

    [1] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8640399.stm
    [2] http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD

    ReplyDelete
  18. While there is plenty of evidence (from Badman, LAs and HEers) that many home-educated young people do not have 5 A-C GCSE level qualifications at 16, there is absolutely *no* well-founded evidence about what happens thereafter. I know the plural of 'anecdote' is not 'data' but I know of NO young HE people over 18 who are not in some form of economic or educational activity.

    We know that many young HE people do not access GCSEs under 16 - that was a major point of discussion in front of the Education Select Committee. I would like to see the data that underpins Simon's assertion that home-educated people are more likely to end up a drain on the state. "No GCSEs" does not equal "illiterate" or "unemployable".

    My son had no GCSE-level qualifications at 16; the only GCSE-level qualification he has at 18 is ECDL Advanced. However, he has 210 OU points, is currently taking A-levels at college and is applying to university. I do not expect him to end up unemployed and unemployable.

    I tend to agree that nutritional neglect is likely to be a greater ill than educational neglect - if only because lack of food is contributory to an inability to learn. The argument from nature does not really apply after infanthood - mothers (usually) automatically produce food for babies. After weaning, there is nothing "natural" about what humans in 21st-century Western Europe do about providing food. Thus, I think the analogy does actually hold water. If there is no need to monitor parents to ensure that they are carrying out their duty to feed their children, why should there be a need to monitor parents to ensure that they are carrying out their duty to educate their children?

    As with eating habits, leaving it to parents would mean that we would not have a standardised output ... but I do not see that as a bad thing. If people did their own thing, we may end up with a more balanced society where people could more easily find their niche (whether brain surgery or bin-emptying), rather than a society in which very many people are labelled as failures.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. 'I know the plural of 'anecdote' is not 'data' but I know of NO young HE people over 18 who are not in some form of economic or educational activity.'

      My experience is similar. I know one with no qualifications and no job, but then he does have Downs Syndrome.

      Delete
    2. Same here. I know approximately 18 HE young people aged over 16 through my children, and all are either working or in education. It's true that some gained their qualifications later than the school norm, but this hasn't been a problem for them and hasn't caused any additional burden on the state (and of course saved the state a fortune in schooling costs). The only young person I know who has signed on went to school and we are currently supporting them whilst they work part time and study with the OU in an attempt to gain a qualification. School failed them abysmally. They didn't learn to read until they were 12 and left school with nothing at 16.

      Delete



  19. '"The same goes for all the links posted above relating to diet as well."

    What, you really think you can find research to prove that type 2 diabetes is not causally related to obesity and that it costs the NHS a fortune? I'd really like to see you do that!

    Delete
    Anonymous17 October 2012 15:07
    * and that it *does not* cost the NHS a fortune'



    What on Earth does any of this have to do with the post? Just to remind readers, I said:

    'The effects of poor childhood nutrition in this country are seldom severe or life-threatening'



    We are then deluged with comments relating to poor adult nutrition. It is true that once in a while there are cases of type 2 diabetes in childhood which have possibly been caused by obesity. These are very rare. Try and get it clear in your minds that I wrote about 'poor childhood nutrition', rather than 'poor adult nutrition'. Then we can delete all the references to cancer and heart disease in later life and so on and their cost to the NHS. Many children are given an appalling diet in childhood and then eat properly as adults. If anybody has evidence for severe and life-threatening disorders in childhood in this country relating to diet, please let us have them.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Simon wrote,
      "Try and get it clear in your minds that I wrote about 'poor childhood nutrition', rather than 'poor adult nutrition'. Then we can delete all the references to cancer and heart disease in later life and so on and their cost to the NHS."

      No you cannot. You cannot disconnect the child from the adult. Research shows that obesity in childhood has long term health consequences for adults, with increased risk of heart disease, atherosclerosis, colon cancer, arthritis, and type 2 diabetes to name just a few. Research shows that elevated risks of adult morbidity in relation to adolescent overweight is independent of adult weight status. So even if they do lose weight as adults, they are still at risk (though it is a reduced risk for some conditions, especially type 2 diabetes, so well worth doing).

      Simon wrote,
      "If anybody has evidence for severe and life-threatening disorders in childhood in this country relating to diet, please let us have them."

      A quote from a study:
      "the obese child may develop gallstones, hepatitis, sleep apnea and increased intracranial pressure. In fact, there are few organ systems that obesity does not affect in childhood. Of equal concern are the teasing, discrimination and vitimization of obese children."
      The study goes on to describe increased risks of orthopedic abnormalities, Blout's disease, Pickwickian syndrome, pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes and menstrual abnormalities. About 20-30% of obese children between the ages of 5-11 have elevated blood pressure levels. Obese children are 9 to 10 times more likely to develop high blood pressure as young adults compared to non-obese children. Persistence of obesity from childhood into adulthood is another significant consequence of early obesity and has been consistently demonstrated in all populations in which it has been studied. One prospective study with a long follow-up estimated the probability of adult overweight (at age 35) at 78% and 66% for overweight male and female adolescents. Research consistently shows that obesity in childhood doubles adult mortality from the CHD which is a relatively common disease, so any increased risk is significant.

      I could go on, the paper describes many more risks, but that would take up too much room here. Probably best if you access the paper and educate yourself.

      Risks and consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity
      A Must & R S Strauss
      International Journal of Obesity 1999

      Delete
  20. 'We are then deluged with comments relating to poor adult nutrition'

    No. They were links and comments about the long term results of poor childhood nutrition.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Yes, such as this one,'How you imagine that the reduction of IQ which results from inadequate nutrition in childhood is not a problem for society is a bit odd.'

      Delete
  21. Is there no limit to the talents of this man? Dipping-in here over the years, we see that he can hold forth on any topic: history, cosmology and now nutrition, not to mention every facet of education.

    Perhaps Webb's blog is "Web 2.9 - the pedantic web"; you type something into a browser and back comes a random collection of assertions resulting from a long but incomplete trawl of the web.

    I think this is a case for the "Skip this version" button; it has the narrow erudition of a small, attention-seeking child that has discovered an encyclopaedia.

    ReplyDelete
  22. Simon said,
    "Try and get it clear in your minds that I wrote about 'poor childhood nutrition', rather than 'poor adult nutrition'. Then we can delete all the references to cancer and heart disease in later life and so on and their cost to the NHS."

    This is like saying that a poor education during childhood has absolutely no affect on the adult. In reality, the effects of a poor childhood education are far easier to correct in an adult than the health effects of a poor childhood diet.

    ReplyDelete
  23. "The effects of poor childhood nutrition in this country are seldom severe or life-threatening"

    One could replace "childhood nutrition" by "school education" and they would be equally true, but the chronic impact across a significant portion of the population should be regarded as "a matter of public concern which causes great problems for society as a whole."

    Now I hope to see other posts from you along the lines of "Home education is a greater threat than road accidents, climate change etc." Some of the things you write provide valuable educational material - but not usually in the way that you intended!

    ReplyDelete
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